这篇文章是对之前的SIGTTIN信号量的疑惑?的解答，对于为何会有这种奇怪的用法，在另一篇shell下精确的定位一个命令 也介绍过了，这里想讨论的重点不在于怎么变通解决那个问题，而是导致SIGTTIN发生的机制是怎么引起的。我的同事对这个问题也产生了好奇，在stackoverflow上发帖，有人给出了解释，解答的人直接给出了bash的源码jobs.c里的initialize_job_control方法片段，指出SIGTTIN正是那里面的逻辑。不过如果你跟我一样对shell和linux系统调用都懂得很肤浅的话，这段代码并不容易懂，所以在这里更详细的解释一下这个问题的来龙去脉。
刚开始碰到这个问题的时候，通过strace看到了是SIGTTIN信号量所致，因为这个信号量默认的行为是让进程STOP(暂停)，即通过ps观察到的状态为T。对于SIGTTIN信号量《Linux/UNIX系统编程手册》上是这么说的:
只有前台作业中的进程才能够从控制终端读取输入。这个限制条件避免了多个作业竞争读取终端输入。如果后台作业尝试从终端读取输入，就会接收到一个SIGTTIN信号。SIGTTIN信号的默认处理动作是停止作业。
但我们的脚本里并没有后台进程，那两个进程也没有读取终端，跟上面的解释对不上。也没有在网上搜到其它引发SIGTTIN信号的情况，在这里困惑了很久。不过凭直觉知道这个问题应该跟作业控制有关，在脚本里显式的开启作业控制，是能够正常运行的：
$ cat sleep.sh
#!/bin/bash
set -m
bash -ic 'sleep 3'
bash -ic 'sleep 2'
所以一定是在进程某个状态上的不一致导致的。上周末的时候阅读了一下strace的log，对出问题的脚本：
#!/bin/bash
bash -ic 'sleep 3'
bash -ic 'sleep 2'
使用strace -f -e verbose=all -t ./sleep.sh 2>log 得到更详细的日志
...
03:39:06 clone(child_stack=0, flags=CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID|CLONE_CHILD_SETTID|SIGCHLD, child_tidptr=0x7f997f03ca10) = 9897
...
[pid 9897] 03:39:06 execve("/usr/bin/bash", ["bash", "-ic", "sleep 3"], [/* 30 vars */]) = 0
...
[pid 9897] 03:39:06 open("/dev/tty", O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 3
[pid 9897] 03:39:06 getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, {rlim_cur=1024, rlim_max=4*1024}) = 0
[pid 9897] 03:39:06 fcntl(255, F_GETFD) = -1 EBADF (Bad file descriptor)
[pid 9897] 03:39:06 dup2(3, 255) = 255
[pid 9897] 03:39:06 close(3) = 0
[pid 9897] 03:39:06 ioctl(255, TIOCGPGRP, [9891]) = 0
[pid 9897] 03:39:06 setpgid(0, 9897) = 0 //第一个子进程更改了它的进程组ID
...
03:39:09 clone(child_stack=0, flags=CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID|CLONE_CHILD_SETTID|SIGCHLD, child_tidptr=0x7f997f03ca10) = 9922
...
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 execve("/usr/bin/bash", ["bash", "-ic", "sleep 2"], [/* 30 vars */]) = 0
...
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 access("/usr/bin/bash", R_OK) = 0
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 getpgrp() = 9891
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 ioctl(2, SNDCTL_TMR_TIMEBASE or SNDRV_TIMER_IOCTL_NEXT_DEVICE or TCGETS, 0x7ffd356e49c0) = -1 ENOTTY (Inappropriate ioctl for device)
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 open("/dev/tty", O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 3
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, {rlim_cur=1024, rlim_max=4*1024}) = 0
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 fcntl(255, F_GETFD) = -1 EBADF (Bad file descriptor)
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 dup2(3, 255) = 255
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 close(3) = 0
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 ioctl(255, TIOCGPGRP, [9897]) = 0
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 rt_sigaction(SIGTTIN, {SIG_DFL, [], SA_RESTORER, 0x7f912a22b650}, {SIG_IGN, [], SA_RESTORER, 0x7f912a22b650}, 8) = 0
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 kill(0, SIGTTIN) = 0
[pid 9896] 03:39:09 <... wait4 resumed> 0x7ffc5b5e6800, 0, NULL) = ? ERESTARTSYS (To be restarted if SA_RESTART is set)
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 --- SIGTTIN {si_signo=SIGTTIN, si_code=SI_USER, si_pid=9922, si_uid=1000} ---
[pid 9896] 03:39:09 --- SIGTTIN {si_signo=SIGTTIN, si_code=SI_USER, si_pid=9922, si_uid=1000} ---
[pid 9922] 03:39:09 --- stopped by SIGTTIN ---
[pid 9896] 03:39:09 --- stopped by SIGTTIN ---
确认这个SIGTTIN信号是第二个bash -ic 'sleep 2'进程发出的，kill(0, SIGTTIN)表示它把这个信号发送到自己所在的进程组，整个进程组的进程都接收到这个信号，所以它和它的父进程sleep.sh都变成了stop状态。
脚本里两次执行的bash -ic子进程也都是shell，它们在初始化的时候会有作业控制的逻辑，结合jobs.c的initialize_job_control方法里的代码(shell初始化时调用到这里):
/* We can only have job control if we are interactive. */
if (interactive == 0)
{
job_control = 0;
original_pgrp = NO_PID;
shell_tty = fileno (stderr);
}
else
{
shell_tty = -1;
/* If forced_interactive is set, we skip the normal check that stderr
is attached to a tty, so we need to check here. If it's not, we
need to see whether we have a controlling tty by opening /dev/tty,
since trying to use job control tty pgrp manipulations on a non-tty
is going to fail. */
// bash "-i" 参数会启用 forced_interactive
if (forced_interactive && isatty (fileno (stderr)) == 0)
shell_tty = open ("/dev/tty", O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK);
/* Get our controlling terminal. If job_control is set, or
interactive is set, then this is an interactive shell no
matter where fd 2 is directed. */
if (shell_tty == -1)
shell_tty = dup (fileno (stderr));/* fd 2 */
shell_tty = move_to_high_fd (shell_tty, 1, -1);
/* Compensate for a bug in systems that compiled the BSD
rlogind with DEBUG defined, like NeXT and Alliant. */
if (shell_pgrp == 0)
{
shell_pgrp = getpid ();
setpgid (0, shell_pgrp);
tcsetpgrp (shell_tty, shell_pgrp);
}
while ((terminal_pgrp = tcgetpgrp (shell_tty)) != -1)
{
if (shell_pgrp != terminal_pgrp)
{
SigHandler *ottin;
ottin = set_signal_handler(SIGTTIN, SIG_DFL);
kill (0, SIGTTIN); // 第二次执行bash -ic时触发了这里
set_signal_handler (SIGTTIN, ottin);
continue;
}
break;
}
if (terminal_pgrp == -1)
t_errno = errno;
/* Make sure that we are using the new line discipline. */
if (set_new_line_discipline (shell_tty) < 0)
{
sys_error (_("initialize_job_control: line discipline"));
job_control = 0;
}
else
{
original_pgrp = shell_pgrp;
shell_pgrp = getpid ();
// 第一次bash -ic 'sleep 3'触发了这里的 setpgid 修改了当前进程组
if ((original_pgrp != shell_pgrp) && (setpgid (0, shell_pgrp) < 0))
{
sys_error (_("initialize_job_control: setpgid"));
shell_pgrp = original_pgrp;
}
job_control = 1;
/* If (and only if) we just set our process group to our pid,
thereby becoming a process group leader, and the terminal
is not in the same process group as our (new) process group,
then set the terminal's process group to our (new) process
group. If that fails, set our process group back to what it
was originally (so we can still read from the terminal) and
turn off job control. */
if (shell_pgrp != original_pgrp && shell_pgrp != terminal_pgrp)
{
if (give_terminal_to (shell_pgrp, 0) < 0)
{
t_errno = errno;
setpgid (0, original_pgrp);
shell_pgrp = original_pgrp;
job_control = 0;
}
}
...
关键点就在于shell_pgrp和terminal_pgrp这两个变量，shell_pgrp是当前进程组，而terminal_pgrp是占用当前控制终端的进程所在的进程组(前台进程组)，这些状态都是可以通过ps观察到的，可以跟踪一下：
$ ps xfo pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,stat,tty,command | awk "NR==1||/pts\/2/"
PID PPID PGID SID TPGID STAT TT COMMAND
12413 12410 12410 12410 -1 S ? sshd: hongjiang@pts/0
12414 12413 12414 12414 12580 Ss pts/0 \_ -bash
12579 12414 12579 12414 12580 S pts/0 \_ /bin/bash ./sleep.sh
12580 12579 12580 12414 12580 S+ pts/0 \_ sleep 3
$ ps xfo pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,stat,tty,command | awk "NR==1||/pts\/2/"
PID PPID PGID SID TPGID STAT TT COMMAND
12413 12410 12410 12410 -1 S ? sshd: hongjiang@pts/0
12414 12413 12414 12414 12414 Ss+ pts/0 \_ -bash
12579 12414 12579 12414 12414 T pts/0 \_ /bin/bash ./sleep.sh
12607 12579 12579 12414 12414 T pts/0 \_ bash -ic sleep 2
在第一次执行bash -ic 'sleep 3'的时候，sleep.sh父进程先clone出bash子进程（pid 12580），因为-i参数强制这个bash子进程用交互式运行，它会加载$HOME下的.bashrc等文件，这个过程可能会fork/clone出若干子进程（所以会看到第二次bash -ic sleep 2进程的ID跟第一次不是连续的），等这些配置文件加载完之后，它并不是fork/clone的形式执行sleep 3而是使用当前进程(12580)执行的sleep 3，这里很关键的信息是"PGID"和"TPGID"都是本身进程ID，而非父进程ID，跟第二次的状态不一样。
因为脚本默认是关闭作业控制的，本来每个子进程并不会设置为独立的进程组，比如下面这个脚本：
$ cat a.sh
#!/bin/bash
/usr/bin/sleep 10
$ ps xfo pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,stat,tty,command | awk "NR==1||/pts\/2/"
PID PPID PGID SID TPGID STAT TT COMMAND
12668 12665 12665 12665 -1 S ? sshd: hongjiang@pts/2
12669 12668 12669 12669 12736 Ss pts/2 \_ -bash
12736 12669 12736 12669 12736 S+ pts/2 \_ /bin/bash ./a.sh
12737 12736 12736 12669 12736 S+ pts/2 \_ /usr/bin/sleep 10
上面脚本执行时sleep子进程"PGID"和"TPGID"都是进程父进程a.sh的，并没有被设置为一个独立的进程组。
而sleep.sh脚本里之所以会对子进程设置一个独立的进程组，是因为"-i"参数使得bash -ic 'sleep 3'在非交互式脚本里运行时进程被强制设置成了独立的进程组(见initializejobcontroll里的setpgid)，同时"TPGID"这个表示前台进程组的状态也被改为了bash -ic 'sleep 3'的进程组ID。
那为什么在接下来的bash -ic 'sleep 2'子进程执行时却不像前面的那样呢？这正是最诡异的地方。它们所在的sleep.sh脚本是非交互式运行的，它本来预期脚本执行过程不应该产生与脚本进程组不一致的前台进程组，所以前台子进程组结束的时候，不会去更新"TPGID"，可以用下面脚本来验证：
$ cat wait.sh
#!/bin/bash
bash -ic 'sleep 5'
sleep 4
sleep 3 & #不让wait.sh进程立即退出
wait
上面wait.sh脚本里第一个子进程强制修改了"TPGID"，子进程退出，以及后续再执行前台进程都不会去更新这个状态
$ ps xfo pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,stat,tty,command | awk "NR==1||/pts\/0/"
PID PPID PGID SID TPGID STAT TT COMMAND
13867 13864 13864 13864 -1 S ? sshd: hongjiang@pts/0
13868 13867 13868 13868 14138 Ss pts/0 \_ -bash
14137 13868 14137 13868 14138 S pts/0 \_ /bin/bash ./wait.sh
14138 14137 14138 13868 14138 S+ pts/0 \_ sleep 5
$ ps xfo pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,stat,tty,command | awk "NR==1||/pts\/0/"
PID PPID PGID SID TPGID STAT TT COMMAND
13867 13864 13864 13864 -1 S ? sshd: hongjiang@pts/0
13868 13867 13868 13868 14138 Ss pts/0 \_ -bash
14137 13868 14137 13868 14138 S pts/0 \_ /bin/bash ./wait.sh
14165 14137 14137 13868 14138 S pts/0 \_ sleep 4
$ ps xfo pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,stat,tty,command | awk "NR==1||/pts\/0/"
PID PPID PGID SID TPGID STAT TT COMMAND
13867 13864 13864 13864 -1 S ? sshd: hongjiang@pts/0
13868 13867 13868 13868 14138 Ss pts/0 \_ -bash
14137 13868 14137 13868 14138 S pts/0 \_ /bin/bash ./wait.sh
14168 14137 14137 13868 14138 S pts/0 \_ sleep 3
回到sleep.sh脚本里，第二行bash -ic 'sleep 2'子进程初始化时，"TPGID"仍是上个进程bash -ic 'sleep 3'修改过的值。而bash -ic 'sleep 2'子进程也因为"-i"参数让自己以交互式运行，但是在还没有执行到setpgid之前，就先触发了SIGTTIN的逻辑:
if (shell_pgrp != terminal_pgrp)
{
SigHandler *ottin;
ottin = set_signal_handler(SIGTTIN, SIG_DFL);
kill (0, SIGTTIN);
set_signal_handler (SIGTTIN, ottin);
continue;
}
因为这段代码会认为终端被其他前台进程占用，对当前进程组发出SIGTTIN信号。在这个场景里，这恰好是一种误会！
当我们显式的对sleep.sh脚本设置开启作业控制时：
$ cat sleep.sh
#!/bin/bash
set -m
bash -ic 'sleep 3'
bash -ic 'sleep 2'
$ ps xfo pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,stat,tty,command | awk "NR==1||/pts\/2/"
PID PPID PGID SID TPGID STAT TT COMMAND
12668 12665 12665 12665 -1 S ? sshd: hongjiang@pts/2
12669 12668 12669 12669 12874 Ss pts/2 \_ -bash
12873 12669 12873 12669 12874 S pts/2 \_ /bin/bash ./sleep.sh
12874 12873 12874 12669 12874 S+ pts/2 \_ sleep 3
$ ps xfo pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,stat,tty,command | awk "NR==1||/pts\/2/"
PID PPID PGID SID TPGID STAT TT COMMAND
12668 12665 12665 12665 -1 S ? sshd: hongjiang@pts/2
12669 12668 12669 12669 12901 Ss pts/2 \_ -bash
12873 12669 12873 12669 12901 S pts/2 \_ /bin/bash ./sleep.sh
12901 12873 12901 12669 12901 S+ pts/2 \_ sleep 2
它对每个子进程都设置为独立的进程组，并在每个进程(前台)结束的时候更新"TPGID"为父进程组ID，避免了initialize_job_controll里发送SIGTTIN的逻辑。
有很多shell的问题都是跟作业控制相关的，另一个例子参考tomcat进程意外退出的问题分析；作业控制可以玩出很多高阶花样，但它也大大增加了shell的复杂度，这个例子是一个典型的反面教材，最好不要在非交互式脚本里调用bash -ic来执行命令。
